Mailing List flyrotary@lancaironline.net Message #17737
From: Leon <peon@pacific.net.au>
Subject: For Todd "Vena Contracta" Take 2 was Re: Returnless Fuel System - Fuel Cooler
Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2005 12:07:30 +1100
To: Rotary motors in aircraft <flyrotary@lancaironline.net>
RE: [FlyRotary] Returnless Fuel System - Fuel Cooler
Hey Todd,
 
I think you may have missed the point or lost the plot good buddy.  Firstly,  where did the 1/8" line come into it??  Secondly,  there 'ain't no "impellors" in an EFI pump.  They use rollers!!  TOTALLY different animals to centrifugal pumps!.  
 
I AM also aware that the flow through any orifice is controlled by the differnetial pressure.  What I still don't get is the bit about "pressure recovery", as my issue is the flow in the open flow return line as it exits rthe regulator !!!  The regulator is providing that back pressure in the fuel rail,  and as the  "back pressure" increases,  the pressure drop through the pump outlet orifice decreases.  At any rate,  there is NO chance of cavitation unless there is no fuel head on the pump inlet!  
 
Anyway,  let me rephrase the questions again:
 
SITUATION #1
 
I have an EFI pump that has a good head of fuel on it.  It is connected to a fuel rail in the normal way,  via a pressure regulator set at 45 PSI.  This means that there is 45  PSI back pressure on the pump.  I observe a given fuel flow out the return line. When the engine is started,  the regulator brings the rail pressure back to about 32-33 PSI. I have about 25" MAP (Manifold Absolute Pressure) at idle. I notice the fuel flow out the return line INCREASES as the rail pressure drops when the engine starts.
 
The regulator is connected to an open flow 1/4" ID line which returns to the surge tank in the normal way,  and the surge tank is vented to atmosphere.  The pump is pumping through a restrictor,  say 3/16".  The question is:
 
QUESTION   #1
 
"What limits the flow of the fuel IN THE RETURN LINE??.  The 3/16" restriction,  or the 1/4" ID of dump line itself. "
 
By observation,  I know that as load (MAP) is increased on the engine and the RPM rises,  and as more & more fuel goes to the injectors,  the fuel pressure in the rail rises in concert with the increased manifold pressure,  (therefore even more back pressure on the pump up to 45 PSI @ WOT),  and the amount of bypass fuel from the regulator diminishes.  So the only time I'm liable to have flow issues in the return line is at idle,  (which would be indicated by the regulator not being able to control the pressure in the rail).
 
By observation,  fitting a high capacity Bosch Motorsport or SX pump,  I actually have this problem,  which is why I use a 5/16" return line in these instances.  The problem then goes away.
 
Again by observation,  at the limit,  IF the EFI pump is incapable of supplying the necessary fuel to the engine at WOT and high RPM,  the fuel flowing from the return line ceases completely.  Soon after this, as the engine RPM continue to rise,  the pressure in the fuel rail begins to drop,  as the pump cannot pump any more fuel,  and the engine begins to run out of fuel.  I have watched this on the dyno MNAY times.
 
SITUATION #2
 
I have the same EFI pump,  this time on the bench.  It has a good head of fuel on it.
 
QUESTION #2
 
"For any given restrictor,  say our 3/16" one again,  does the rate of flow from the pump into an open container (vented to armospheric - no other restrictions - open flow)"
 
a.   increase, 
b.   stay the same,  or
c.   decrease
 
if I attach a length of fuel line of 1/14" ID to the pump outlet. 
 
QUESTION #3
 
"What happens if I drill the outlet out to 1/4"  and do the same as in Question #2.
 
QUESTION # 4
 
"What happens if I drill the restriction out to 9/32" "
 
Cheers buddy,
 
Leon
(waiting with my little velvet bag to catch the pearls).
 
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Tuesday, February 22, 2005 8:34 AM
Subject: [FlyRotary] Re: For Todd "Vena Contracta" was Re: Returnless Fuel System - Fuel Cooler

Hi Leon;
    I'm a little late responding as I spent the weekend rebuilding my dirt bike with one of them ole fashioned piston engines what go up & down to make something go round 'n round? What a goofy idea!
    Anyways, back to the subject at hand. Pressure recovery ?... so what? Well without pressure differential there is no flow. None. I realize that jets are used to meter flow and that a restriction is an impediment to flow, however my point was that if the EFI pump has an outlet of say 1/8" into a 3/8" line (or in Bob's case, his 1/4" return line) it does not have the equivalent flow of a 1/8" line. While it will not have full flow of an unrestricted line due to permanent pressure loss, it will recover much of its pressure resulting in a much greater flow than would be provided by a 1/8" tube. To calculate this the Beta ratio of the "orifice" is required, however it really isn't that important. Besides, I can't find right now the required formula. I should get back to studying this as I return to school for 4th year in 2 months and I can be assured that there will be at least one twisted question concerning this on the incoming exam.
    Someone had mentioned drilling out the pump outlet to reduce this restriction, but that would be a really bad idea. The pump outlet is usually sized smaller than the pipe that it is sized for in order to provide adequate back pressure to the pump to prevent cavitation. If you drill out this outlet, then bubbles can/will form in the impellor and the resulting cavitation will result in less flow and quite possibly the vapour lock that we are trying to avoid. This restriction does not diminish the requirement for a proper sized tube to be plumbed to it in order to achieve rated flow.
    Just my 2 bits worth
Cheers
Todd

So I just can't see what the size of an attached pipe has to do with the flow rate through a  "vena contracta" ("vena constricta"??).  You also say "but much of this pressure is recovered downstream"  Hmmmmmm, ... I say "so what"??.  We aren't interested in pressure drops or pressure recovery, ... it's flow rates that are the SOLE issue,  and the capacity of an open flow 1/4 inch line to get rid of the fuel dumped by the regulator. 
 
 
Leon 
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